fsm14.h

Go to the documentation of this file.

#ifndef ZTH_FSM14_H
#define ZTH_FSM14_H
/*
 * SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2019-2026 Jochem Rutgers
 *
 * SPDX-License-Identifier: MPL-2.0
 */
 
#include <libzth/macros.h>
 
#if defined(__cplusplus) && __cplusplus >= 201402L
 
#  include <libzth/allocator.h>
#  include <libzth/sync.h>
#  include <libzth/util.h>
 
#  include <atomic>
#  include <bitset>
#  include <functional>
#  include <limits>
#  include <stdexcept>
#  include <type_traits>
#  include <utility>
 
namespace zth {
namespace fsm {
 
 
 
// Misc utilities
//
 
#  ifdef DOXYGEN
 
template <typename T>
struct function_traits;
 
#  else // !DOXYGEN
 
template <typename R, typename C, typename A>
struct function_traits_detail {
        using return_type = R;
        using class_type = C;
        using arg_type = A;
 
        static constexpr bool is_member = !std::is_same<C, void>::value;
        static constexpr bool is_functor = false;
};
 
// Assume it's a lambda, with captures (so it is a functor).
template <typename T>
struct function_traits : function_traits<decltype(&T::operator())> {
        // cppcheck-suppress duplInheritedMember
        static constexpr bool is_functor = true;
};
 
// R() normal function
template <typename R>
struct function_traits<R (&)()> : function_traits_detail<R, void, void> {};
 
#    if defined(__cpp_noexcept_function_type) && __cpp_noexcept_function_type >= 201510
template <typename R>
struct function_traits<R (&)() noexcept> : function_traits_detail<R, void, void> {};
#    endif
 
// R(A) normal function
template <typename R, typename A>
struct function_traits<R (&)(A)> : function_traits_detail<R, void, A> {};
 
#    if defined(__cpp_noexcept_function_type) && __cpp_noexcept_function_type >= 201510
template <typename R, typename A>
struct function_traits<R (&)(A) noexcept> : function_traits_detail<R, void, A> {};
#    endif
 
// R() normal function
template <typename R>
struct function_traits<R (*)()> : function_traits_detail<R, void, void> {};
 
#    if defined(__cpp_noexcept_function_type) && __cpp_noexcept_function_type >= 201510
template <typename R>
struct function_traits<R (*)() noexcept> : function_traits_detail<R, void, void> {};
#    endif
 
// R(A) normal function
template <typename R, typename A>
struct function_traits<R (*)(A)> : function_traits_detail<R, void, A> {};
 
#    if defined(__cpp_noexcept_function_type) && __cpp_noexcept_function_type >= 201510
template <typename R, typename A>
struct function_traits<R (*)(A) noexcept> : function_traits_detail<R, void, A> {};
#    endif
 
// R(C::*)() class member
template <typename R, typename C>
struct function_traits<R (C::*)()> : function_traits_detail<R, C, void> {};
 
#    if defined(__cpp_noexcept_function_type) && __cpp_noexcept_function_type >= 201510
template <typename R, typename C>
struct function_traits<R (C::*)() noexcept> : function_traits_detail<R, C, void> {};
#    endif
 
// R(C::*)(A) class member
template <typename R, typename C, typename A>
struct function_traits<R (C::*)(A)> : function_traits_detail<R, C, A> {};
 
#    if defined(__cpp_noexcept_function_type) && __cpp_noexcept_function_type >= 201510
template <typename R, typename C, typename A>
struct function_traits<R (C::*)(A) noexcept> : function_traits_detail<R, C, A> {};
#    endif
 
// R(C::*)() const class member
template <typename R, typename C>
struct function_traits<R (C::*)() const> : function_traits_detail<R, C, void> {};
 
#    if defined(__cpp_noexcept_function_type) && __cpp_noexcept_function_type >= 201510
template <typename R, typename C>
struct function_traits<R (C::*)() const noexcept> : function_traits_detail<R, C, void> {};
#    endif
 
// R(C::*)(A) const class member
template <typename R, typename C, typename A>
struct function_traits<R (C::*)(A) const> : function_traits_detail<R, C, A> {};
 
#    if defined(__cpp_noexcept_function_type) && __cpp_noexcept_function_type >= 201510
template <typename R, typename C, typename A>
struct function_traits<R (C::*)(A) const noexcept> : function_traits_detail<R, C, A> {};
#    endif
 
#  endif // !DOXYGEN
 
 
// Symbol
//
 
class BasicFsm;
class Fsm;
 
struct invalid_fsm : public std::logic_error {
        explicit invalid_fsm(char const* str)
                : std::logic_error{str}
        {}
};
 
class Symbol {
        ZTH_CLASS_NEW_DELETE(Symbol)
public:
        // cppcheck-suppress noExplicitConstructor
        constexpr Symbol(char const* s = nullptr) noexcept
                : m_symbol{s}
        {}
 
        constexpr bool constexpr_eq(Symbol const& s) const noexcept
        {
                char const* a = m_symbol;
                char const* b = s.m_symbol;
 
                // We cannot compare the pointers a == b directly in a
                // constexpr context.  This implementation does a string
                // compare.
 
                if((!a) ^ (!b))
                        return false;
                if(!a && !b)
                        return true;
 
                while(*a && *a == *b) {
                        a++;
                        b++;
                }
 
                return *a == *b;
        }
 
        bool operator==(Symbol const& s) const noexcept
        {
                return *this == s.m_symbol;
        }
 
        bool operator==(char const* s) const noexcept
        {
                return m_symbol == s || constexpr_eq(s);
        }
 
        template <typename S>
        bool operator!=(S&& s) const noexcept
        {
                return !(*this == std::forward<S>(s));
        }
 
        __attribute__((returns_nonnull)) constexpr char const* str() const noexcept
        {
                return m_symbol ? m_symbol : "-";
        }
 
        constexpr char const* symbol() const noexcept
        {
                return m_symbol;
        }
 
        __attribute__((returns_nonnull)) operator char const*() const noexcept
        {
                return str();
        }
 
        constexpr bool valid() const noexcept
        {
                return m_symbol;
        }
 
        operator bool() const noexcept
        {
                return valid();
        }
 
private:
        char const* m_symbol{};
};
 
constexpr Symbol operator""_S(char const* s, size_t UNUSED_PAR(len)) noexcept
{
        return s;
}
 
using State = Symbol;
 
template <bool enable = Config::NamedFsm>
class Named {};
 
template <>
class Named<false> {
protected:
        constexpr explicit Named(char const* UNUSED_PAR(name) = nullptr) noexcept {}
 
        ~Named() = default;
 
public:
        cow_string name() const
        {
                return format("%p", this);
        }
};
 
template <>
class Named<true> : public Named<false> {
protected:
        constexpr explicit Named(char const* name) noexcept
                : m_name{name}
        {}
 
        ~Named() = default;
 
public:
        // cppcheck-suppress duplInheritedMember
        cow_string name() const
        {
                if(m_name)
                        return m_name;
 
                return Named<false>::name();
        }
 
private:
        char const* m_name;
};
 
template <
        typename T, typename R,
        bool haveArg = !std::is_same<typename function_traits<T>::arg_type, void>::value,
        bool isMember =
                !haveArg && function_traits<T>::is_member && !function_traits<T>::is_functor
                && std::is_base_of<BasicFsm, typename function_traits<T>::class_type>::value,
        bool isOk =
                std::is_convertible<typename function_traits<T>::return_type, R>::value
                && (!haveArg
                    || std::is_convertible<BasicFsm&, typename function_traits<T>::arg_type>::value
                    || std::is_base_of<
                            BasicFsm,
                            std::remove_reference_t<typename function_traits<T>::arg_type>>::value)>
class Callback {};
 
template <typename T, typename R>
class Callback<T, R, false, false, true> : public Named<> {
        ZTH_CLASS_NEW_DELETE(Callback)
public:
        template <typename T_>
        // cppcheck-suppress noExplicitConstructor
        constexpr Callback(T_&& c, char const* name = nullptr)
                : Named{name}
                , m_callback{std::forward<T_>(c)}
        {}
 
        // cppcheck-suppress constParameterReference
        R call(BasicFsm& UNUSED_PAR(fsm)) const
        {
                return m_callback();
        }
 
private:
        T m_callback;
};
 
template <typename T, typename R>
class Callback<T, R, true, false, true> : public Named<> {
        ZTH_CLASS_NEW_DELETE(Callback)
public:
        template <typename T_>
        // cppcheck-suppress noExplicitConstructor
        constexpr Callback(T_&& c, char const* name = nullptr)
                : Named{name}
                , m_callback{std::forward<T_>(c)}
        {}
 
        R call(BasicFsm& fsm) const
        {
                using A = typename function_traits<T>::arg_type;
                check<A>(fsm);
                return m_callback(static_cast<A>(fsm));
        }
 
private:
        template <
                typename A,
                std::enable_if_t<
                        std::is_base_of<BasicFsm, std::remove_reference_t<A>>::value, int> = 0>
        static void check(BasicFsm& UNUSED_PAR(fsm))
        {
#  ifdef __GXX_RTTI
                zth_assert(dynamic_cast<std::remove_reference_t<A>*>(&fsm) != nullptr);
#  endif
        }
 
        template <
                typename A,
                std::enable_if_t<
                        !std::is_base_of<BasicFsm, std::remove_reference_t<A>>::value, int> = 0>
        static void check(BasicFsm& fsm)
        {}
 
private:
        T m_callback;
};
 
template <typename T, typename R>
class Callback<T, R, false, true, true> : public Named<> {
        ZTH_CLASS_NEW_DELETE(Callback)
public:
        template <typename T_>
        // cppcheck-suppress noExplicitConstructor
        constexpr Callback(T_&& c, char const* name = nullptr)
                : Named{name}
                , m_callback{std::forward<T_>(c)}
        {}
 
        // cppcheck-suppress constParameterReference
        R call(BasicFsm& fsm) const
        {
                using C = typename function_traits<T>::class_type;
#  ifdef __GXX_RTTI
                zth_assert(dynamic_cast<C*>(&fsm) != nullptr);
#  endif
                return ((static_cast<C&>(fsm)).*m_callback)();
        }
 
private:
        T m_callback;
};
 
class GuardPollInterval : public TimeInterval {
        ZTH_CLASS_NEW_DELETE(GuardPollInterval)
public:
        // cppcheck-suppress noExplicitConstructor
        constexpr GuardPollInterval(bool enabled = false)
                : TimeInterval(enabled ? TimeInterval::null() : TimeInterval::infinity())
        {}
 
        constexpr GuardPollInterval(GuardPollInterval&&) noexcept = default;
        GuardPollInterval& operator=(GuardPollInterval&&) noexcept = default;
        constexpr GuardPollInterval(GuardPollInterval const&) noexcept = default;
        GuardPollInterval& operator=(GuardPollInterval const&) noexcept = default;
 
        template <typename... A>
        // cppcheck-suppress noExplicitConstructor
        constexpr GuardPollInterval(A&&... a) noexcept
                : TimeInterval(std::forward<A>(a)...)
        {}
 
        constexpr operator bool() const noexcept
        {
                return hasPassed();
        }
};
 
class Guard {
protected:
        constexpr Guard() = default;
        ~Guard() = default;
 
        Guard(Guard&&) noexcept = default;
        Guard& operator=(Guard&&) noexcept = default;
 
public:
        Guard(Guard const&) = delete;
        void operator=(Guard const&) = delete;
 
        virtual GuardPollInterval enabled(BasicFsm& fsm) const = 0;
        virtual cow_string name() const = 0;
 
        auto operator()(BasicFsm& fsm) const
        {
                return enabled(fsm);
        }
};
 
template <typename T>
class TypedGuard final : public Guard, protected Callback<T, GuardPollInterval> {
        ZTH_CLASS_NEW_DELETE(TypedGuard)
public:
        using Callback_type = Callback<T, GuardPollInterval>;
 
        template <typename T_>
        constexpr explicit TypedGuard(T_&& g, char const* name = nullptr)
                : Callback_type{std::forward<T_>(g), name}
        {}
 
        virtual GuardPollInterval enabled(BasicFsm& fsm) const final
        {
                return this->call(fsm);
        }
 
        virtual cow_string name() const final
        {
                return Callback_type::name();
        }
};
 
class InputGuard final : public Guard {
        ZTH_CLASS_NEW_DELETE(InputGuard)
public:
        constexpr explicit InputGuard(Symbol&& input)
                : m_input{std::move(input)}
        {}
 
        virtual GuardPollInterval enabled(BasicFsm& fsm) const final;
 
        virtual cow_string name() const final
        {
                return m_input.str();
        }
 
private:
        Symbol m_input;
};
 
template <typename T>
constexpr auto guard(T&& g, char const* name = nullptr)
{
        return TypedGuard<std::decay_t<T>>{std::forward<T>(g), name};
}
 
constexpr inline auto guard(Symbol&& input) noexcept
{
        return InputGuard{std::move(input)};
}
 
inline bool always_guard() noexcept
{
        return true;
}
 
// This could be solved simply by using [](){ return true; } as function, but
// using lambda in constexpr is only allowed since C++17. So, use the separate
// function instead.
inline17 constexpr auto always = guard(always_guard, "always");
 
inline bool never_guard() noexcept
{
        return false;
}
 
inline17 constexpr auto never = guard(never_guard, "never");
 
class Action {
protected:
        constexpr Action() = default;
        ~Action() = default;
 
        Action(Action&&) noexcept = default;
        Action& operator=(Action&&) noexcept = default;
 
public:
        Action(Action const&) = delete;
        void operator=(Action const&) = delete;
 
        virtual void run(BasicFsm& UNUSED_PAR(fsm)) const {}
 
        virtual cow_string name() const
        {
                return format("%p\n", this);
        }
 
        void operator()(BasicFsm& fsm) const
        {
                run(fsm);
        }
};
 
template <typename T>
class TypedAction final : public Action, protected Callback<T, void> {
        ZTH_CLASS_NEW_DELETE(TypedAction)
public:
        using Callback_type = Callback<T, void>;
 
        template <typename T_>
        constexpr explicit TypedAction(T_&& a, char const* name = nullptr)
                : Callback_type{std::forward<T_>(a), name}
        {}
 
        virtual void run(BasicFsm& fsm) const final
        {
                this->call(fsm);
        }
 
        virtual cow_string name() const final
        {
                return Callback_type::name();
        }
};
 
template <typename T>
constexpr auto action(T&& a, char const* name = nullptr)
{
        return TypedAction<std::decay_t<T>>{std::forward<T>(a), name};
}
 
inline void nothing_action() {}
 
inline17 constexpr auto nothing = action(nothing_action, "nothing");
 
class GuardedActionBase : public Guard, protected Action {
protected:
        constexpr GuardedActionBase() = default;
 
public:
        virtual GuardPollInterval tryRun(BasicFsm& fsm) const
        {
                if(auto e = !enabled(fsm))
                        return e;
 
                run(fsm);
                return true;
        }
 
        // cppcheck-suppress duplInheritedMember
        GuardPollInterval operator()(BasicFsm& fsm) const
        {
                return tryRun(fsm);
        }
};
 
class GuardedAction final : public GuardedActionBase {
        ZTH_CLASS_NEW_DELETE(GuardedAction)
public:
        constexpr GuardedAction(Guard const& guard, Action const& action) noexcept
                : m_guard{guard}
                , m_action{action}
        {}
 
        constexpr GuardedAction(Symbol&& input, Action const& action) noexcept
                : m_guard{never}
                , m_input{std::move(input)}
                , m_action{action}
        {}
 
        // cppcheck-suppress noExplicitConstructor
        constexpr GuardedAction(Guard const& guard) noexcept
                : GuardedAction{guard, nothing}
        {}
 
        // cppcheck-suppress noExplicitConstructor
        constexpr GuardedAction(Symbol&& input) noexcept
                : GuardedAction{std::move(input), nothing}
        {}
 
        // cppcheck-suppress noExplicitConstructor
        constexpr GuardedAction(Action const& action) noexcept
                : GuardedAction{always, action}
        {}
 
        constexpr GuardedAction() noexcept
                : GuardedAction{always, nothing}
        {}
 
        constexpr bool isInput() const noexcept
        {
                return m_input.valid();
        }
 
        constexpr bool hasGuard() const noexcept
        {
                return !isInput();
        }
 
        constexpr Symbol const& input() const noexcept
        {
                return m_input;
        }
 
        virtual GuardPollInterval enabled(BasicFsm& fsm) const final;
 
        constexpr auto const& guard() const noexcept
        {
                zth_assert(hasGuard());
                return m_guard;
        }
 
        constexpr auto const& action() const noexcept
        {
                return m_action;
        }
 
        virtual void run(BasicFsm& fsm) const final
        {
                m_action(fsm);
        }
 
        virtual cow_string name() const final
        {
                return isInput() ? format("input %s / %s", input().str(), action().name().c_str())
                                 : format("guard %s / %s", guard().name().c_str(),
                                          action().name().c_str());
        }
 
private:
        Guard const& m_guard;
        Symbol m_input;
        Action const& m_action;
};
 
constexpr inline auto operator/(Guard const& g, Action const& a) noexcept
{
        return GuardedAction{g, a};
}
 
constexpr inline auto operator+(Symbol&& input) noexcept
{
        return GuardedAction{std::move(input)};
}
 
constexpr inline auto input(Symbol&& symbol) noexcept
{
        return GuardedAction{std::move(symbol)};
}
 
constexpr inline auto operator+(GuardedAction&& g) noexcept
{
        return std::move(g);
}
 
// + "a" / b is first compiled into GuardedAction{ "a" } / b.
// This operator/ should fix that by using "a" as input guard for b.
constexpr inline auto operator/(GuardedAction&& ga, Action const& a)
{
        if(!(ga.isInput() && &ga.action() == &nothing))
                zth_throw(invalid_fsm("Ambiguous /"));
 
        return GuardedAction{Symbol{ga.input()}, a};
}
 
class Transition;
 
class TransitionStart final : public GuardedActionBase {
        ZTH_CLASS_NEW_DELETE(TransitionStart)
public:
        // cppcheck-suppress noExplicitConstructor
        constexpr TransitionStart(State&& state) noexcept
                : m_state{std::move(state)}
                , m_guardedAction{never / nothing}
        {}
 
        // cppcheck-suppress noExplicitConstructor
        constexpr TransitionStart(Guard const& guard) noexcept
                : m_state{}
                , m_guardedAction{guard / nothing}
        {}
 
        // cppcheck-suppress noExplicitConstructor
        constexpr TransitionStart(Action const& action) noexcept
                : m_state{}
                , m_guardedAction{always / action}
        {}
 
        // cppcheck-suppress noExplicitConstructor
        constexpr TransitionStart(GuardedAction&& ga) noexcept
                : m_state{}
                , m_guardedAction{std::move(ga)}
        {}
 
        constexpr TransitionStart(State&& state, GuardedAction&& guardedAction) noexcept
                : m_state{std::move(state)}
                , m_guardedAction{std::move(guardedAction)}
        {}
 
        constexpr auto const& state() const noexcept
        {
                return m_state;
        }
 
        constexpr bool isInput() const noexcept
        {
                return m_guardedAction.isInput();
        }
 
        constexpr bool hasGuard() const noexcept
        {
                return m_guardedAction.hasGuard();
        }
 
        constexpr Symbol const& input() const noexcept
        {
                return m_guardedAction.input();
        }
 
        constexpr auto const& guard() const noexcept
        {
                return m_guardedAction.guard();
        }
 
        constexpr auto const& action() const noexcept
        {
                return m_guardedAction.action();
        }
 
        virtual GuardPollInterval enabled(BasicFsm& fsm) const final
        {
                return m_guardedAction.enabled(fsm);
        }
 
        virtual GuardPollInterval tryRun(BasicFsm& fsm) const final
        {
                return m_guardedAction.tryRun(fsm);
        }
 
        virtual cow_string name() const override
        {
                return format("%s + %s", state().str(), m_guardedAction.name().c_str());
        }
 
private:
        State m_state;
        GuardedAction m_guardedAction;
};
 
constexpr inline auto operator+(State&& state, GuardedAction&& action) noexcept
{
        return TransitionStart{std::move(state), std::move(action)};
}
 
constexpr inline auto operator+(State&& state, Guard const& guard) noexcept
{
        return TransitionStart{std::move(state), GuardedAction{guard, nothing}};
}
 
constexpr inline auto operator+(State&& state, Symbol&& input) noexcept
{
        return TransitionStart{std::move(state), GuardedAction{std::move(input)}};
}
 
constexpr inline auto operator+(char const* state, Symbol&& input) noexcept
{
        return TransitionStart{state, GuardedAction{std::move(input)}};
}
 
constexpr inline auto operator+(State&& state, char const* input) noexcept
{
        return TransitionStart{std::move(state), GuardedAction{input}};
}
 
constexpr inline auto const& operator+(Guard const& guard) noexcept
{
        return guard;
}
 
constexpr inline auto operator/(State&& state, Action const& action) noexcept
{
        return TransitionStart{std::move(state), GuardedAction{always, action}};
}
 
// "a" + "b" / c is first compiled into "a" + TransitionStart{ "b" + always / c }.
// This operator+ should fix that by converting "b" from State to Input guard.
constexpr inline auto operator+(State&& state, TransitionStart&& t)
{
        if(!(t.hasGuard() && &t.guard() == &always))
                zth_throw(invalid_fsm{"Ambiguous +"});
 
        return TransitionStart{std::move(state), GuardedAction{Symbol{t.state()}, t.action()}};
}
 
class Transition final : public GuardedActionBase {
        ZTH_CLASS_NEW_DELETE(Transition)
public:
        template <typename F>
        // cppcheck-suppress noExplicitConstructor
        constexpr Transition(F&& from) noexcept
                : m_from{std::forward<F>(from)}
                , m_to{}
        {}
 
        template <typename F, typename T>
        constexpr Transition(F&& from, T&& to) noexcept
                : m_from{std::forward<F>(from)}
                , m_to{std::forward<T>(to)}
        {}
 
        virtual GuardPollInterval enabled(BasicFsm& fsm) const final
        {
                return m_from.enabled(fsm);
        }
 
        virtual GuardPollInterval tryRun(BasicFsm& fsm) const final
        {
                return m_from.tryRun(fsm);
        }
 
        constexpr auto const& from() const noexcept
        {
                return m_from.state();
        }
 
        constexpr bool isInput() const noexcept
        {
                return m_from.isInput();
        }
 
        constexpr bool hasGuard() const noexcept
        {
                return m_from.hasGuard();
        }
 
        constexpr Symbol const& input() const noexcept
        {
                return m_from.input();
        }
 
        constexpr auto const& guard() const noexcept
        {
                return m_from.guard();
        }
 
        constexpr auto const& action() const noexcept
        {
                return m_from.action();
        }
 
        constexpr auto const& to() const noexcept
        {
                return m_to;
        }
 
        virtual cow_string name() const final
        {
                return format("%s >>= %s", m_from.name().c_str(), m_to.str());
        }
 
private:
        TransitionStart m_from;
        State m_to;
};
 
constexpr inline Transition operator>>=(TransitionStart&& from, State&& to) noexcept
{
        return Transition{std::move(from), std::move(to)};
}
 
constexpr inline Transition operator>>=(State&& from, State&& to) noexcept
{
        return Transition{std::move(from) + always, std::move(to)};
}
 
constexpr inline Transition operator>>=(char const* from, State&& to) noexcept
{
        return Transition{State{from} + always, std::move(to)};
}
 
constexpr inline Transition operator>>=(Guard const& from, State&& to) noexcept
{
        return Transition{State{} + from, std::move(to)};
}
 
constexpr inline Transition operator>>=(Action const& from, State&& to) noexcept
{
        return Transition{State{} / from, std::move(to)};
}
 
constexpr inline Transition operator>>=(GuardedAction&& from, State&& to) noexcept
{
        return Transition{State{} + std::move(from), std::move(to)};
}
 
class TransitionsBase {
public:
        using index_type = size_t;
 
        virtual size_t size() const noexcept = 0;
 
        virtual bool hasGuard(index_type i) const noexcept = 0;
 
        virtual bool hasInput(index_type i) const noexcept
        {
                return !hasGuard(i);
        }
 
        virtual Guard const& guard(index_type i) const noexcept = 0;
        virtual GuardPollInterval enabled(index_type i, BasicFsm& fsm) const = 0;
        virtual Symbol input(index_type i) const noexcept = 0;
        virtual Action const& action(index_type i) const noexcept = 0;
        virtual index_type to(index_type i) const noexcept = 0;
        virtual State const& state(index_type i) const noexcept = 0;
 
        Fsm spawn() const;
 
        template <typename F, std::enable_if_t<std::is_base_of<BasicFsm, F>::value, int> = 0>
        F& init(F& fsm) const noexcept
        {
                fsm.init(*this);
                return fsm;
        }
 
        void dump(FILE* f = stdout) const
        {
                size_t size_ = size();
                for(index_type i = 0; i < size_; i++) {
                        fprintf(f, "%3zu: %-16s + %s %-18s / %-18s >>= %3zu\n", i, state(i).str(),
                                hasGuard(i) ? "guard" : "input",
                                hasGuard(i) ? guard(i).name().c_str() : input(i).str(),
                                action(i).name().c_str(), to(i));
                }
        }
 
        void uml(FILE* f = stdout) const
        {
                fprintf(f, "@startuml\n");
 
                size_t size_ = size();
                index_type statei = 0;
                size_t t = 0;
                for(index_type i = 0; i < size_; i++) {
                        if(state(i).valid()) {
                                statei = i;
                                fprintf(f, "state \"%s\" as s%zu\n", state(statei).str(), statei);
                                t = 0;
                        }
 
                        string edge;
 
                        if(statei == 0)
                                edge += "[*]";
                        else
                                edge += format("s%zu", statei);
 
                        if(to(i))
                                edge += format(" --> s%zu", to(i));
 
                        edge += format(" : (%zu)", t);
 
                        if(hasGuard(i)) {
                                if(&guard(i) == &never)
                                        continue;
 
                                if(&guard(i) != &always)
                                        edge += format(" [%s]", guard(i).name().c_str());
                        } else {
                                edge += format(" %s", input(i).str());
                        }
 
                        if(&action(i) != &nothing) {
                                edge += format(" / %s", action(i).name().c_str());
                        }
 
                        fprintf(f, "%s\n", edge.c_str());
                        t++;
                }
 
                fprintf(f, "@enduml\n");
        }
};
 
template <size_t Size>
class Transitions final : public TransitionsBase {
        ZTH_CLASS_NEW_DELETE(Transitions)
protected:
        using Index = typename smallest_uint<Size>::type;
 
        enum class Flag : uint8_t {
                input = 0x01,
        };
 
        struct CompiledTransition {
                constexpr CompiledTransition() noexcept
                        : guard{}
                        , action{}
                        , from{}
                        , to{}
                        , flags{}
                {}
 
                // This is either a Guard const* or char const*, depending on
                // m_flags & Flag::input.  A union would be better, but you
                // cannot change the active union field in a contexpr before
                // C++20.
                void const* guard;
                Action const* action;
                State from;
                Index to;
                uint8_t flags;
        };
 
        constexpr Transitions() = default;
 
public:
        static constexpr Transitions compile(std::initializer_list<Transition> l)
        {
                zth_assert(l.size() == Size);
 
                Transitions f;
 
                if(Size == 0) {
                        f.m_transitions[0].guard = &never;
                        f.m_transitions[0].action = &nothing;
                } else {
                        f.m_transitions[0].guard = &always;
                        f.m_transitions[0].action = &nothing;
                        f.m_transitions[0].to = 1;
 
                        if(!l.begin()->from().valid())
                                zth_throw(invalid_fsm{"First state must be valid"});
                }
 
                index_type i = 1;
                State prev;
 
                for(auto const& t : l) {
                        if(!prev.constexpr_eq(t.from()) && t.from().valid()) {
                                prev = f.m_transitions[i].from = t.from();
                                if(find(t.from(), l) != (size_t)i)
                                        zth_throw(invalid_fsm{
                                                "State transitions are not contiguous"});
                        }
                        if(t.hasGuard()) {
                                f.m_transitions[i].guard = &t.guard();
                        } else {
                                f.m_transitions[i].guard = t.input().symbol();
                                f.m_transitions[i].flags = static_cast<uint8_t>(Flag::input);
                        }
                        f.m_transitions[i].action = &t.action();
                        f.m_transitions[i].to = static_cast<Index>(find(t.to(), l));
                        i++;
                }
 
                return f;
        }
 
        virtual size_t size() const noexcept final
        {
                return Size + 1U;
        }
 
        virtual bool isInput(index_type i) const noexcept final
        {
                return (m_transitions[i].flags & static_cast<uint8_t>(Flag::input)) != 0;
        }
 
        virtual bool hasGuard(index_type i) const noexcept final
        {
                return !isInput(i);
        }
 
        virtual Guard const& guard(index_type i) const noexcept final
        {
                zth_assert(i < size());
                zth_assert(hasGuard(i));
                return *static_cast<Guard const*>(m_transitions[i].guard);
        }
 
        virtual Symbol input(index_type i) const noexcept final
        {
                zth_assert(i < size());
                zth_assert(!hasGuard(i));
                return static_cast<char const*>(m_transitions[i].guard);
        }
 
        virtual GuardPollInterval enabled(index_type i, BasicFsm& fsm) const final;
 
        virtual Action const& action(index_type i) const noexcept final
        {
                zth_assert(i < size());
                return *m_transitions[i].action;
        }
 
        virtual index_type to(index_type i) const noexcept final
        {
                zth_assert(i < size());
                return static_cast<index_type>(m_transitions[i].to);
        }
 
        virtual State const& state(index_type i) const noexcept final
        {
                zth_assert(i < size());
                return m_transitions[i].from;
        }
 
private:
        static constexpr size_t find(State const& state, std::initializer_list<Transition> l)
        {
                if(!state.valid())
                        return 0;
 
                size_t i = 0;
                for(auto const& t : l) {
                        if(t.from().constexpr_eq(state))
                                return i + 1;
                        i++;
                }
 
#  if GCC_VERSION < 90000
                // This following if-statement is not required,
                // but triggers https://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=67371 otherwise.
                if(i >= l.size())
#  endif
                        zth_throw(invalid_fsm{"Target state not found"});
 
                // Unreachable.
                return Size + 1U;
        }
 
private:
        static_assert(std::numeric_limits<Index>::max() > Size, "");
        CompiledTransition m_transitions[Size + 1U];
};
 
template <typename... T>
constexpr auto compile(T&&... t)
{
        return Transitions<sizeof...(T)>::compile({Transition{std::forward<T>(t)}...});
}
 
class BasicFsm : public UniqueID<BasicFsm> {
        ZTH_CLASS_NEW_DELETE(BasicFsm)
public:
        using index_type = TransitionsBase::index_type;
 
        enum class Flag : size_t {
                entry,      
                selfloop,   
                blocked,    
                transition, 
                pushed,     
                popped,     
                stop,       
                input,      
                flags,      
        };
 
        explicit BasicFsm(cow_string const& name = "FSM")
                : UniqueID{name}
        {
                zth_assert(std::atomic_is_lock_free(&m_state));
        }
 
        BasicFsm(BasicFsm&& f)
                : BasicFsm{}
        {
                *this = std::move(f);
        }
 
        BasicFsm& operator=(BasicFsm&& f) noexcept
        {
                m_fsm = f.m_fsm;
                m_flags = f.m_flags;
                m_prev = f.m_prev;
                m_transition = f.m_transition;
                state_(f.state_());
                m_stack = std::move(f.m_stack);
                m_inputs = std::move(f.m_inputs);
 
                f.m_fsm = nullptr;
                f.state_(0);
 
                UniqueID::operator=(std::move(f));
                return *this;
        }
 
        virtual ~BasicFsm() override = default;
 
        State const& state() const noexcept
        {
                zth_assert(valid());
                return m_fsm->state(state_());
        }
 
        bool valid() const noexcept
        {
                return m_fsm;
        }
 
        void reserveStack(size_t capacity)
        {
                if(m_stack.capacity() > capacity * 2U)
                        m_stack.shrink_to_fit();
 
                m_stack.reserve(capacity);
        }
 
        virtual void reset() noexcept
        {
                zth_dbg(fsm, "[%s] Reset", id_str());
                state_(0);
                m_prev = m_transition = 0;
                m_flags.reset();
                m_stack.clear();
        }
 
        State const& prev() const noexcept
        {
                zth_assert(valid());
                return m_fsm->state(m_prev);
        }
 
        GuardPollInterval step()
        {
                zth_assert(valid());
 
                auto i = state_();
                auto size = m_fsm->size();
 
                // Find next enabled guard.
                GuardPollInterval again{false};
                GuardPollInterval p;
                while(!(p = m_fsm->enabled(i, *this))) {
                        // Save the shortest poll interval.
                        if(p < again)
                                again = p;
 
                        if(++i == size || m_fsm->state(i).valid()) {
                                // No enabled guards.
                                setFlag(Flag::blocked);
                                zth_dbg(fsm, "[%s] Blocked for %s", id_str(), again.str().c_str());
                                return again;
                        }
                }
 
                // Got it. Take transition.
                m_transition = i;
                auto to = m_fsm->to(i);
 
                clearFlag(Flag::blocked);
 
                if(!to) {
                        // No transition, only do the action.
                        if(m_fsm->hasInput(i))
                                zth_dbg(fsm, "[%s] Have input %s, no transition", id_str(),
                                        m_fsm->input(i).str());
                        else
                                zth_dbg(fsm, "[%s] Guard %s enabled, no transition", id_str(),
                                        m_fsm->guard(i).name().c_str());
                        clearFlag(Flag::transition);
                        setFlag(Flag::input, m_fsm->hasInput(i));
                        enter();
                } else {
                        if(m_fsm->hasInput(i))
                                zth_dbg(fsm, "[%s] Have input %s, transition %s -> %s", id_str(),
                                        m_fsm->input(i).str(), m_fsm->state(state_()).str(),
                                        m_fsm->state(to).str());
                        else
                                zth_dbg(fsm, "[%s] Guard %s enabled, transition %s -> %s", id_str(),
                                        m_fsm->guard(i).name().c_str(),
                                        m_fsm->state(state_()).str(), m_fsm->state(to).str());
 
                        setFlag(Flag::selfloop, to == state_());
                        setFlag(Flag::transition);
                        if(state_())
                                leave();
 
                        m_prev = state_();
                        state_(to);
 
                        clearFlag(Flag::popped);
                        clearFlag(Flag::pushed);
                        setFlag(Flag::input, m_fsm->hasInput(i));
                        enter();
 
                        setFlag(Flag::entry);
                }
 
                return true;
        }
 
        void push()
        {
                zth_assert(valid());
 
                m_stack.push_back(m_prev);
                setFlag(Flag::pushed);
                zth_dbg(fsm, "[%s] Push %s", id_str(), m_fsm->state(state_()).str());
        }
 
        virtual void pop()
        {
                zth_assert(valid());
                zth_assert(!m_stack.empty());
 
                index_type to = m_stack.back();
                zth_assert(to != 0);
 
                zth_dbg(fsm, "[%s] Pop %s -> %s", id_str(), m_fsm->state(state_()).str(),
                        m_fsm->state(to).str());
 
                clearFlag(Flag::blocked);
                setFlag(Flag::selfloop, state_() == to);
 
                if(!flag(Flag::transition)) {
                        // leave() was not called by step().
                        setFlag(Flag::transition);
                        leave();
                }
 
                m_prev = state_();
                state_(to);
                m_stack.pop_back();
                m_transition = 0;
 
                clearFlag(Flag::pushed);
                setFlag(Flag::popped);
                clearFlag(Flag::input);
                enter();
 
                setFlag(Flag::entry);
        }
 
        bool popped() const noexcept
        {
                return flag(Flag::popped);
        }
 
        bool flag(Flag f) const noexcept
        {
                return m_flags.test(flagIndex(f));
        }
 
        bool entry() noexcept
        {
                if(!flag(Flag::entry))
                        return false;
 
                clearFlag(Flag::entry);
                return true;
        }
 
        Symbol input() const noexcept
        {
                if(!flag(Flag::input))
                        return Symbol{};
 
                zth_assert(valid());
                zth_assert(m_fsm->hasInput(m_transition));
 
                return m_fsm->input(m_transition);
        }
 
        virtual void input(Symbol i)
        {
                if(!i.valid())
                        return;
 
                m_inputs.emplace_back(std::move(i));
        }
 
        bool clearInput(Symbol i) noexcept
        {
                if(!i.valid())
                        return false;
 
                for(size_t j = 0; j < m_inputs.size(); j++)
                        if(m_inputs[j] == i) {
                                m_inputs[j] = std::move(m_inputs.back());
                                m_inputs.pop_back();
                                return true;
                        }
 
                return false;
        }
 
        void clearInput() noexcept
        {
                clearInput(input());
        }
 
        void clearInputs() noexcept
        {
                m_inputs.clear();
        }
 
        void reserveInputs(size_t capacity)
        {
                if(m_inputs.capacity() > capacity * 2U)
                        m_inputs.shrink_to_fit();
 
                m_inputs.reserve(capacity);
        }
 
        bool hasInput(Symbol i) const noexcept
        {
                if(!i.valid())
                        return false;
 
                for(size_t j = 0; j < m_inputs.size(); j++)
                        if(m_inputs[j] == i)
                                return true;
 
                return false;
        }
 
protected:
        bool setFlag(Flag f, bool value = true) noexcept
        {
                m_flags.set(flagIndex(f), value);
                return value;
        }
 
        void clearFlag(Flag f) noexcept
        {
                setFlag(f, false);
        }
 
        virtual void leave()
        {
                zth_dbg(fsm, "[%s] Leave %s", id_str(), state().str());
        }
 
        virtual void enter()
        {
                if(m_transition) {
                        zth_dbg(fsm, "[%s] Enter %s%s; run action %s", id_str(), state().str(),
                                flag(Flag::selfloop) ? " (loop)" : "",
                                m_fsm->action(m_transition).name().c_str());
 
                        m_fsm->action(m_transition).run(*this);
                } else {
                        zth_dbg(fsm, "[%s] Enter %s (dummy transition)", id_str(), state().str());
                }
        }
 
private:
        static constexpr size_t flagIndex(Flag f) noexcept
        {
                return static_cast<size_t>(f);
        }
 
        void init(TransitionsBase const& c) noexcept
        {
                if(c.size() == 0)
                        // Invalid.
                        return;
 
                m_fsm = &c;
                reset();
        }
 
        friend TransitionsBase;
 
        index_type state_() const noexcept
        {
                return m_state.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
        }
 
        void state_(index_type s) noexcept
        {
                return m_state.store(s, std::memory_order_relaxed);
        }
 
private:
        TransitionsBase const* m_fsm{};
        std::bitset<static_cast<size_t>(Flag::flags)> m_flags;
        index_type m_prev{};
        index_type m_transition{};
        std::atomic<index_type> m_state{};
        vector_type<index_type>::type m_stack;
        vector_type<Symbol>::type m_inputs;
};
 
class Fsm : public BasicFsm {
        ZTH_CLASS_NEW_DELETE(Fsm)
public:
        using base = BasicFsm;
 
        explicit Fsm(cow_string const& name = "FSM")
                : base{name}
        {}
 
        Fsm(Fsm&& f)
                : Fsm{}
        {
                *this = std::move(f);
        }
 
        Fsm& operator=(Fsm&& f) noexcept
        {
                base::operator=(std::move(f));
                return *this;
        }
 
        virtual ~Fsm() override = default;
 
        virtual void reset() noexcept override
        {
                base::reset();
                m_t = Timestamp::now();
                trigger();
        }
 
        GuardPollInterval run(Timestamp const& until)
        {
                zth_dbg(fsm, "[%s] Run for %s", id_str(), (until - Timestamp::now()).str().c_str());
                clearFlag(Flag::stop);
 
                while(true) {
                        GuardPollInterval p = step();
 
                        if(flag(Flag::stop))
                                // Return now, but we could continue anyway.
                                return p;
 
                        auto now = Timestamp::now();
                        if(now > until)
                                return p;
 
                        if(p)
                                continue;
 
                        auto p_end = now + p;
                        m_trigger.wait(std::min(p_end, until), now);
                }
        }
 
        GuardPollInterval run(bool returnWhenBlocked = false)
        {
                zth_dbg(fsm, "[%s] Run%s", id_str(), returnWhenBlocked ? " until blocked" : "");
                clearFlag(Flag::stop);
 
                while(true) {
                        GuardPollInterval p = step();
 
                        if(flag(Flag::stop))
                                // Return now, but we could continue anyway.
                                return p;
 
                        if(p)
                                continue;
 
                        if(returnWhenBlocked)
                                // cppcheck-suppress identicalConditionAfterEarlyExit
                                return p;
 
                        m_trigger.wait(p);
                }
        }
 
        void trigger() noexcept
        {
                m_trigger.signal(false);
        }
 
        void stop() noexcept
        {
                zth_dbg(fsm, "[%s] Stop requested", id_str());
                setFlag(Flag::stop);
        }
 
        virtual void input(Symbol i) override
        {
                if(!i.valid())
                        return;
 
                base::input(i);
                trigger();
        }
 
        Timestamp const& t() const noexcept
        {
                return m_t;
        }
 
        TimeInterval dt() const
        {
                return t().passed();
        }
 
        template <time_t s>
        static GuardPollInterval timeoutGuard_s(Fsm& fsm)
        {
                return TimeInterval{s} - fsm.dt();
        }
 
        template <uint64_t ms>
        static GuardPollInterval timeoutGuard_ms(Fsm& fsm)
        {
                return TimeInterval{
                               (time_t)(ms / 1'000ULL), (long)(ms * 1'000'000ULL) % 1'000'000'000L}
                       - fsm.dt();
        }
 
        template <uint64_t us>
        static GuardPollInterval timeoutGuard_us(Fsm& fsm)
        {
                return TimeInterval{
                               (time_t)(us / 1'000'000ULL), (long)(us * 1'000ULL) % 1'000'000'000L}
                       - fsm.dt();
        }
 
protected:
        virtual void enter() override
        {
                if(flag(Flag::transition))
                        m_t = Timestamp::now();
 
                base::enter();
        }
 
private:
        Signal m_trigger;
        Timestamp m_t;
};
 
inline17 constexpr auto entry = guard(&BasicFsm::entry, "entry");
 
inline17 constexpr auto push = action(&BasicFsm::push, "push");
 
inline17 constexpr auto pop = action(&BasicFsm::pop, "pop");
 
inline17 constexpr auto popped = guard(&BasicFsm::popped, "popped");
 
inline17 constexpr auto stop = action(&Fsm::stop, "stop");
 
inline17 constexpr auto consume =
        action<void (BasicFsm::*)() noexcept>(&BasicFsm::clearInput, "consume");
 
template <time_t s>
inline17 constexpr auto timeout_s = guard(&Fsm::timeoutGuard_s<s>, "timeout");
 
template <uint64_t ms>
inline17 constexpr auto timeout_ms = guard(&Fsm::timeoutGuard_ms<ms>, "timeout");
 
template <uint64_t us>
inline17 constexpr auto timeout_us = guard(&Fsm::timeoutGuard_us<us>, "timeout");
 
inline GuardPollInterval InputGuard::enabled(BasicFsm& fsm) const
{
        return fsm.hasInput(m_input);
}
 
inline GuardPollInterval GuardedAction::enabled(BasicFsm& fsm) const
{
        if(isInput())
                return fsm.hasInput(input());
        else
                return m_guard.enabled(fsm);
}
 
template <size_t Size>
GuardPollInterval Transitions<Size>::enabled(Transitions::index_type i, BasicFsm& fsm) const
{
        if(isInput(i))
                return fsm.hasInput(input(i));
        else
                return guard(i).enabled(fsm);
}
 
inline Fsm TransitionsBase::spawn() const
{
        Fsm fsm_;
        fsm_.init(*this);
        return fsm_;
}
 
} // namespace fsm
} // namespace zth
#endif // C++14
#endif // ZTH_FSM14_H